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  • Vaccines, Vaccination and the four types of COVID-19 Vaccines – Dr Kyei, Mr Arthur-Mensah, Mr Adu-Gyamfi

Vaccines, Vaccination and the four types of COVID-19 Vaccines – Dr Kyei, Mr Arthur-Mensah, Mr Adu-Gyamfi

  • Posted by pentvars
  • Categories Health Education, News, Nursing
  • Date Mar 22, 2021
  • Comments 173 comments

Vaccines, Vaccination and the four types of COVID-19 Vaccines

Mr. Reginald Arthur-Mensah1, Mr. Paa Kofi Tawiah Adu-Gyamfi1 & Dr. Abigail Kyei1.

1Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Pentecost University.

 

The control of COVID-19 has seen vaccine development move at record speed with more than 170 different vaccines in trials. But how are these vaccines prepared and how will they protect us against the disease? Before we delve into that, let us understand what vaccines and their related procedures are.

 

Vaccines

Vaccines are products that help the immune system combat invading disease-causing microorganisms of the body (Coelho, 2020). They are scientifically prepared biological formulations that provide protection to the body from certain diseases (Tortora, Funke & Case, 2019).

Vaccines can be administered via;

  • Oral route – administered through the mouth
  • Intranasal route – administered through the nose
  • Subcutaneous route – Injected into an area just beneath the skin
  • Intramuscular route – injected into the muscles
  • Intradermal route – injected into layers of the skin (CDC, 2021).

 

Vaccination

Vaccination is the act of receiving a vaccine as protection against contracting certain particular diseases (WHO, 2021).

 

The principle of vaccines and vaccination

Vaccines contain suspensions of weakened, killed, fragmented, toxins of microorganisms or antibodies to certain microorganisms (Brunson, 2020). Vaccines train the immune system to detect and fight diseases-causing microorganisms. Vaccines and vaccination teach the immune system to “destroy” and “remember” diseases-causing microorganisms (see Figure 1). This act begins the process of immunization/immunity to that particular disease or diseases (CDC, 2021).

Vaccination is the safest, simple and effective method of protecting people from certain harmful diseases before they come into contact with them. Unlike most medicines, which treat and/or cure diseases, vaccines prevent diseases.

Figure 1: How vaccines work

Source: Brunson, (2020).

 

The four major types of COVID-19 vaccines

There are more vaccine candidates simultaneously in the pipeline for COVID-19 than ever before for an infectious disease. All of them are trying to achieve the same thing; immunity to the virus. They do so by stimulating an immune response to an antigen, a molecule found on the virus. In the case of COVID-19, the antigen is typically the characteristic spike protein (S protein) found on the surface of the virus, which it normally uses to help it invade human cells (see Figure 2).

There are four categories of COVID-19 vaccines in clinical trials. They include; whole virus, protein subunit, nucleic acid (RNA and DNA) and viral vector (Gavi, 2021).

Figure 2: SARS CoV 2 (Causative agent of COVID-19)

Source: Coelho, 2020.

 

Whole virus

Whole virus vaccines use a weakened (attenuated) or deactivated form of the virus that causes a disease to trigger protective immunity to it. There are two types of whole virus vaccines. Live attenuated vaccines use a weakened form of the virus, which can still grow and replicate, but does not cause illness. Inactivated vaccines contain viruses whose genetic material has been destroyed by heat, chemicals or radiation so that they cannot infect cells and replicate, but can still trigger an immune response.

 

Protein subunits (fragments of microbes)

Rather than injecting a whole virus to trigger an immune response, subunit vaccines (sometimes called acellular vaccines) contain purified pieces of it, which have been specially selected for their ability to stimulate immune cells. Because these fragments are incapable of causing disease, subunit vaccines are considered very safe. There are several types: protein subunit vaccines contain specific isolated proteins from viral or bacterial pathogens; polysaccharide vaccines contain chains of sugar molecules (polysaccharides) found in the cell walls of some bacteria; conjugate subunit vaccines bind a polysaccharide chain to a carrier protein to try and boost the immune response. However, the immune response might be weak.

 

Nucleic acids

Nucleic acid vaccines use genetic material from a disease-causing virus or bacterium to stimulate an immune response against it. Depending on the vaccine, the genetic material could be DNA or RNA; in both cases it provides the instructions for making a specific protein from the pathogen, which the immune system will recognise as foreign (an antigen). Once injected into host cells, this genetic material is read by the cell’s own protein-making machinery and used to manufacture antigens, which then trigger an immune response. Since the antigens are produced using the body’s own cells and in large quantities, the immune reaction is strong.

 

Viral vectors

Viral vector-based vaccines differ from most conventional vaccines in that they don’t actually contain antigens, but rather use the body’s own cells to produce them. They do this by using a modified virus (the vector) to deliver genetic code for antigen, in the case of COVID-19, spike proteins found on the surface of the virus, into human cells. By infecting cells and instructing them to make large amounts of antigen, which then trigger an immune response, the vaccine mimics what happens during natural infection with certain pathogens, especially viruses. This has the advantage of triggering a strong cellular immune response by T cells as well the production of antibodies by B cells.

 

Vaccines are the new tool in the fight against COVID-19 and it is hugely encouraging to see so many vaccines proving successful and going into development. Working as quickly as they can, scientists from across the world are collaborating and innovating to bring us treatments and vaccines that will collectively save lives and end this pandemic.

However, but for the foreseeable future we must continue wearing face protection, practicing hand hygiene, practicing respiratory hygiene and ensuring physical distancing and all the other specific COVID-19 safety protocols. Being vaccinated does not mean that we can throw caution to the wind and put ourselves and others at risk, we must continue to live safe.

 

References

Brunson, E., K. (2020). Vaccines. Encyclopaedia Britannica. (Accessed March 20, 2021).

CDC, (2021). Vaccines: The Basics. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/vpd-vac-basics.html. (Accessed March 18, 2021).

Coelho, S., (2020). What is a vaccine? Types, stages for approval. Retrieved from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/what-is-a-vaccine. (Accessed March 20, 2021).

Gavi (2021). The four types of COVID-19 vaccines. Retrieved from https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/. (Accessed March 17, 2021).

Tortora, G., J., Funke, B., R., & Case, C., L., (2019). Microbiology: An introduction. Pearson Education Inc, Boston, USA.

WHO, (2021). Vaccines and Immunization: What is vaccination? Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-rrom/q-a-detail/vaccines-and-immunzation. (Accessed March 19, 2021).

 

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    173 Comments

  1. Addai Emmanuel Kyere
    Mar 23, 2021

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    Mar 23, 2021

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  11. Anonymous
    Mar 23, 2021

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  16. Anonymous
    Mar 23, 2021

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  17. Munachi Ngwu
    Mar 23, 2021

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    Mar 31, 2021

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    Mar 31, 2021

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  109. Asabere Peter
    Mar 31, 2021

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  110. Anonymous
    Mar 31, 2021

    Happy Billingnani
    That was an educative lesson on the covid 19 vaccine.l have learnt about the four types of the vaccine.

  111. Robert
    Mar 31, 2021

    Great job done my Boss
    Entails all we need
    Thank you so much and God bless you richly

  112. Tracy Owusu
    Apr 1, 2021

    Thanks for enlightening me on the vaccines ..God job .

  113. TETTEH MILLICENT
    Apr 1, 2021

    Great work done
    Very educative
    God richly bless you all

  114. Ruth Lartey
    Apr 1, 2021

    Good work done

  115. Anonymous
    Apr 1, 2021

    Very enlightening
    It’s also educative

  116. Anonymous
    Apr 1, 2021

    Wow, very educative. More grace to do more.

  117. Mensuah Akosua Juliana
    Apr 1, 2021

    Work done for this educative lesson.
    Thanks for enlighten us .
    May the Good Lord bless your efforts.

  118. Amuzu Jennifer
    Apr 1, 2021

    Very enlightening

  119. Mensuah Akosua Juliana
    Apr 1, 2021

    Well done
    Thanks for enlightening us on this educative lesson
    The good Lord bless all your efforts

  120. Faustina Obeng
    Apr 1, 2021

    Bravo to the team, it’s a good work done and very educative. But I want to know the type of the COVID-19 vaccine that is been used in Ghana.

  121. Faustina Obeng
    Apr 1, 2021

    Bravo to the team, it’s a good work done and very educative. But I want to know the type of the COVID-19 vaccine that is been used in Ghana. Will be looking forward for your response.

  122. Oladipupo oyindamola olabisi
    Apr 2, 2021

    This is really enlightening
    Very educative
    You really did great
    I actually learn a lot from it
    I hope it can go more viral to help a lot of people learn more about it
    You did great👍

  123. Bene A.B💕
    Apr 2, 2021

    Educative and understandable.
    Thank you 🥰🙏

  124. Bene A.B💕
    Apr 2, 2021

    Educative and understandable.
    Thank you 🙏🥰

  125. Anonymous
    Apr 2, 2021

    OTU RICHARD
    wow very very educative.
    with this information.
    i will now go for my vaccination .

  126. Nteche Mathew Bilitul
    Apr 2, 2021

    Very educative and mind clearing

  127. Bekoe Mantebea Deborah
    Apr 2, 2021

    I really enjoyed reading this article.
    May his abundant grace fall on the team to do more.
    Thank you very much

  128. Anonymous
    Apr 2, 2021

    Wow… Very educative and am really impressed.

  129. Danso Lois Tryphena
    Apr 2, 2021

    Very good research work and it’s very educative.

  130. Boatey Albert
    Apr 2, 2021

    Very educative
    Great work done 🤝

  131. Vera. Oye
    Apr 2, 2021

    Vera oye
    I have been elaborated on this.
    Thank you very much ,for your good work done.

  132. Duodu Millicent
    Apr 2, 2021

    Well done our team work from pentvarshealth, have really learn a lot being the four types of vaccine and how it can fight our immune system not destroying us,plz will like to know the type we using cus most of parents and illiterate excuse me to say that thinks they are brought in to kill us so think if it can be educated on the media such television especially.thanks

  133. Issabella Inkoom
    Apr 2, 2021

    Fighting for the good health of our dear country (mother Ghana) is ideally a great job….. …..well done Dr and Masters..great job done ,we follow ur footstep….bravo ….💪

  134. Richlove Gafah
    Apr 2, 2021

    Impressive and educative✨

  135. Anonymous
    Apr 2, 2021

    Well done
    Very educative
    God bless you all

  136. Anonymous
    Apr 2, 2021

    Well done
    Very educative

  137. Debby Uchechukwu
    Apr 2, 2021

    Wow! So interesting 😲
    Please of these type of vaccines mentioned, which particular type is in Ghana?

  138. Agana Joel
    Apr 2, 2021

    Wow, very informative and educative.
    Great work done

  139. Gyane Kingsley Saka
    Apr 2, 2021

    You did a great job
    Wow wow wow
    Thanks for enlightened us on this vaccine

  140. Amankwah Priscilla Anokyewaa
    Apr 2, 2021

    Very educative and motivation

  141. Bafowaa Dorcas
    Apr 2, 2021

    So Amazing! what a great teaches Well done 👏👏👏 for such a wonderful education .I promise to spread this education concerning this vaccines to the unknown people.

  142. Danquah Eric
    Apr 2, 2021

    So Helpful and practical. Perfectly incredible

  143. Diana Nsor
    Apr 2, 2021

    Very much educative. Thank you 😊

  144. Oppong comfort DONKOR
    Apr 2, 2021

    Nice teaches, I will ensure that I spread this information to those who don’t have idea about it , thank you soo much🤝

  145. REBECCA NELSON
    Apr 2, 2021

    The fragments of microbes was highly amiable and well explained.
    So splendid with vivid explainations!
    We’re expecting more articles!

  146. REBECCA NELSON
    Apr 2, 2021

    The fragments of microbes was vividly explained.
    Amiable work done and highly splendid!

  147. Gideon Nyameah
    Apr 2, 2021

    Thanks for this good education sir

  148. Nii Ayitey Aryee
    Apr 2, 2021

    Great work done.
    Pls will there be any side effects to the vaccinated person in the next years to come? Why?

  149. Ofosu Sampson
    Apr 3, 2021

    Great work Docter.

  150. Kumah Bernice
    Apr 3, 2021

    Great work done, our staff of the nursing department. It very educative and impressive.
    Thank you.

  151. Esther Pomaa
    Apr 3, 2021

    Wow very educative✍

  152. Esther Andoh
    Apr 3, 2021

    Soo much insight, Thank you

  153. Esther Andoh
    Apr 3, 2021

    Soo much insight
    Thank you Bosses

  154. Emmanuel Siayor
    Apr 3, 2021

    This material has been a very great blessing unto me. When I didn’t know this truth I always didn’t want to take the vaccine for the covid 19 but now I am confident enough to take it due to this powerful information.
    God bless you our noble Nursing Department.

  155. Leticia Kusi
    Apr 4, 2021

    Didn’t even know there was four types of the vaccines, thanks very much, it’s really educating

  156. Siarfo
    Apr 4, 2021

    Thanks, its really educative. And also notifying that Vaccination is the safest and also much more effective compared to Drugs.

  157. Siarfo
    Apr 4, 2021

    Thanks, its really educative. And also notifying that Vaccination is the safest and also much more effective compared to Drugs.

  158. Abisiga A. Aguri
    Apr 5, 2021

    The unconventional mechanism of the viral vector-based vaccines is mind blowing. The human body is a Wonder. One needs a deep understanding of the body to consider exploring such a method. And that’s very applaudable.

  159. Rosemond Naaba
    Apr 5, 2021

    Wow….this is a great article, thank you for this pieces.
    Now vaccine should always be the option but not drugs.

  160. Regina Otu-Simpson
    Apr 5, 2021

    Very insightful, great work boss team.

  161. Priscilla Ntim
    Apr 6, 2021

    Wow great and insightful👍

  162. Oberhiri Precious Akintunde
    Apr 8, 2021

    This is very educative and interesting very good sir ….good job and well done

  163. Daniella B
    Apr 10, 2021

    Great work done 👍🏽.Very educative

  164. Lucky Agbavor
    Apr 23, 2021

    Very insightful research work done! Thanks and God bless you Dr Kyei and your indefatigable team. You’re all an epitome of great academicians and worthy of emulation. We’ll keep sharing for many to be enlightened. Anticipating to learn more about the vaccines deployed to Ghana.

  165. Ofori Samuel Frimpong
    Mar 13, 2022

    Very educative
    A very clear and detailed explanation of everything we need to know.
    Bravo

  166. Priscilla Konadu
    Mar 13, 2022

    This has really educated me on the various types of vaccines and how it helps our system to be immune against diseases

  167. Obeng Caleb
    Mar 13, 2022

    Aww, power epilet

  168. Priscilla Abbey
    Mar 13, 2022

    Such a great and an excellent piece. Thank you!

  169. Priscilla Abbey
    Mar 13, 2022

    God bless you for this. Such a great piece!

  170. Esther Oduro
    Mar 13, 2022

    Well said very educative
    God richly bless you

  171. Asamoah Bonsu Serwaa Edna
    Mar 13, 2022

    Very educated

  172. Nuworzah Agnes
    Mar 13, 2022

    Great minds giving amazing education ❤️❤️❤️❤️….God richly bless you all

  173. Rebecca Buadu Ampiaw
    Mar 13, 2022

    It was very educative. It has enlightened me more about the types of vaccines.

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