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  • “DRIFT” and “SHIFT”, How Viruses Mutate – By Mr. Arthur-Mensah Jnr and Dr. Abigail Kyei

“DRIFT” and “SHIFT”, How Viruses Mutate – By Mr. Arthur-Mensah Jnr and Dr. Abigail Kyei

  • Posted by pentvars
  • Categories Health Education, News
  • Date Feb 1, 2022
  • Comments 229 comments

 

“DRIFT” and “SHIFT”, HOW VIRUSES MUTATE

Mr. Reginald Arthur-Mensah Jnr and Dr. Mrs. Abigail Kyei

Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Health and Allied Sciences, Pentecost University.

Download PDF: Drift and Shift – How Viruses Mutate_January 2022

 

Introduction

Genetic mutations are fairly normal occurrences for viruses. Viruses change or mutate to form new variants (see Figure 1). Mutations of a virus may result in the recession of the virus or the thriving of the virus.

Figure 1: Viral mutation [observe the spikes (purple colored) and viral genome (green colored)]

 

Genetic mutations represent any event that changes the genetic structure or any alteration in the inherited nucleic acid sequence of the genotype of an organism (Presterl, Schahawi, & Reilly, 2021).

A virus is a piece of nucleic acid/genome, either a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA), wrapped in a thin coat of protein and an outer envelope (see Figure 1). They can also be defined as ultramicroscopic infectious agent that replicates itself only within cells of living hosts to cause disease (Ward, 2012). For viruses, genetic mutations signify a change in the nucleic acid or genome of the virus that can affect the sequence of its other structures.

 

Implications of viral mutations include;

  1. Enhanced mode/rate of transmission
  2. Increased virulence i.e., the capacity of the virus to cause disease resulting in increased infections, hospitalization or death
  3. Reduction in the neutralization of viruses by antibodies
  4. Reduction in the effectiveness of therapeutics
  5. Reduction in detection of virus
  6. Ability to cause cancers

 

Two ways viruses mutate are called “antigenic drift” and “antigenic shift”.

 

Antigenic drift

As a virus replicates inside a host cell, i.e., when someone gets infected with a virus and the virus is growing/dividing/multiplying/making copies of itself inside the cells of the person, its genome can undergo random replication errors which are sometimes mediated by the virus or due to the replication process. These replication errors can lead to alterations in the viral surface proteins or usually called the antigens. Overtime, these replication errors amass and cause the antigens to drift, meaning, the surface proteins of the new emerging viruses look different than the original virus. Thus, the drift occurs due to small changes overtime in the genes of the genome of the viruses that lead to changes in the surface proteins of the virus.

 

Antigenic shift

An antigenic shift is a rapid major change in the genome or viral surface proteins or antigens of a virus. Antigenic shift can happen in four ways. They are;

  1. Recombination
  2. Recombination by independent assortment
  3. Recombination of incompletely linked genes
  4. Zoonotic transmission

 

  1. Recombination occurs when two different, but related, viruses infect a host cell at the same time. During the process of replication, the genomes of these two viruses interact to generate a new subtype of virus with genome and antigens that are a mixture of the original strains.
  2. Usually, the viral genome is a continuous strand. However, some viral genomes are segmented. Recombination by independent assortment occurs when two or more different viruses with segmented genomes infect a host cell. During the process of replication, the segmented genomes of these viruses can interact and assort at random. This can create a new subtype of virus with genome and antigens that are a mixture of the original strains.
  3. Recombination of incompletely linked genes occurs when the genes of the genome of viruses interact by combining with other genes at different sites of the viral genomes during replication. This can create a new subtype of virus with genome and antigens that are a mixture of the original strains.
  4. Zoonotic transmission occurs when a previously known virus that infects only animals makes a leap to infect humans. The whole process of replication of this virus that infects only animals but now replicating in human host cells creates a new subtype of virus with genome and antigens that are a mixture of the animal-human pair.

Antigenic drift and shift are one of the reasons why people can get viral infection repeatedly. Usually, antigenic shift gives rise to epidemics and pandemics.

 

COVID-19 and vaccination

We know that the COVID-19 pandemic started as a zoonotic transmission from the source city, Wuhan in China. Thus, it already began as an “antigenic shift” viral infection. So, the good news is that, the vaccines which have been made and continue to be formulated are against a “novel viral strain”. Though, this new strain will undergo mutations as is already been recorded, the vaccines will still be effective at neutralizing the viruses or boosting the immune system to “remember” and “fight” in the event of infection, because, most of the time, the mutations in the viral genome or antigens can be minor that, they do not significantly change how the virus works. They may take time before they drift and these changes also, do not happen at different places in the same time. They often begin as confined infections. Hence, the foundational framework of the virus from which the vaccines were formulated are rendered impotent. Also, even with the discovery of new strains, vaccination substantially, reduces the negative effects of infections or reinfections. As have been recorded around the world, vaccinations have reduced the number of cases that result in serious illnesses, hospitalizations and death.

Nonetheless, there is a cause to remain vigilant for the possibility of near or future antigenic changes in SARS CoV2 and to be prepared for several booster vaccinations if necessary. When viruses drift substantially or shift, therapeutics against the original strain of the virus may no longer work. Thus, therapeutics against viruses must be reviewed periodically.

 

What must we do?

Many factors contribute to how quickly viruses mutate and spread. One major factor is our human behaviour. To slow further mutations of the current SARS CoV2, we must adhere to the COVID-19 preventive protocols now more than ever. We must;

  1. Always wash our hands with soap under running water for at least 30 seconds
  2. Avoid touching our face
  3. Cough into a handkerchief or a tissue
  4. Wear face mask always
  5. Avoid crowded places
  6. Practice physical distancing
  7. Get vaccinated/Get booster vaccinations

 

This is our new way of living, let us do well.

 

References

Presterl, E., Schahawi, M., D-L., Reilly, J., S. (2021). Basic Microbiology and Infection Control for Midwives. Springer Nature Switzerland.

Ward, H., (2012). Oxford handbook of Epidemiology for Clinicians. Oxford University Press.

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    229 Comments

  1. Adani Athlee
    Feb 11, 2022

    👏 👏 great piece. Worth the read 👍🏾

  2. Adani Athlee
    Feb 11, 2022

    👏👏 great piece. Worth the read 👍🏾

  3. Adani Athlee
    Feb 11, 2022

    Also so informative 💯

  4. Adani Athlee
    Feb 11, 2022

    This is a great information. Thank you 👍🏾

  5. Florence mina Armah
    Feb 11, 2022

    Well done sir.we all has to do well to practice the protocol for our own safety. God bless you for the good works.

  6. Samuela Asamoah Sarpong
    Feb 11, 2022

    Very educative

  7. Kofi yeboah
    Feb 11, 2022

    So as a result of this genetic mutation,does that means that the optimism result of these vaccine will one day become inefficient.please if yes why and if no why

  8. Chiamaka Chukwuemeka
    Feb 11, 2022

    Nice one
    Thanks for sharing

  9. Christiana Lanquaye
    Feb 11, 2022

    Thanks for the awareness and advice

  10. Chiamaka Chukwuemeka
    Feb 11, 2022

    Nice one 👍🏻
    Thanks for sharing

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    Feb 11, 2022

    Great work done. Significant message.🥰🥰🥰🥰

  12. Anonymous
    Feb 11, 2022

    Good work done

  13. Susana
    Feb 11, 2022

    Great work. Thanks for sharing

  14. Judith kpormegbe
    Feb 11, 2022

    Nice article congratulations

  15. Pascaline
    Feb 11, 2022

    Very very educative

  16. Dzemekey Deborah
    Feb 11, 2022

    Very very educative 🙏

  17. Matilda obeng
    Feb 11, 2022

    Very informative, it is very important to always adhere to safety and hygiene prtocols to stay safe.

  18. Emmanuel Boadu Brafi
    Feb 11, 2022

    Insightful

  19. Boye Scheckemback
    Feb 11, 2022

    It’s important to always adhere to the safety protocols

  20. Boye Scheckemback
    Feb 11, 2022

    It’s important to always adhere to the safety rules

  21. Florence Opoku A.
    Feb 11, 2022

    Very educative. Thanks for sharing

  22. Florence Opoku A.
    Feb 11, 2022

    Impressive work. Thanks for sharing

  23. Rebecca Asiamah
    Feb 11, 2022

    Great piece

  24. Anonymous
    Feb 11, 2022

    Wow impressive

  25. Beatrice
    Feb 11, 2022

    Good work done

  26. Barbara owusu frempong
    Feb 11, 2022

    Great piece

  27. Rita Saraphina Zee
    Feb 11, 2022

    Well done sir, this piece has really enlightened us on the genetic mutation of viruses.

  28. Yvonne Ofori
    Feb 11, 2022

    Very concise and informative. Great piece
    👍👍

  29. Samuel
    Feb 11, 2022

    Very nice work

  30. Adofowaa odei
    Feb 11, 2022

    This is so insightful..thank you

  31. Maame Efuwa Gloria
    Feb 11, 2022

    Great and educative. I am enlightened now. Thanks.

  32. Oforiwaa Loisphena
    Feb 11, 2022

    Very educative and insightful. Good work done 👍

  33. Evelyn Acquah
    Feb 11, 2022

    Thank you, very educative .

  34. Adams Daniel
    Feb 11, 2022

    Insightful

  35. Marilyn Meeley Mensah
    Feb 11, 2022

    Good work done , I have really learnt a lot

  36. Michael Kodi
    Feb 11, 2022

    Very educative! In fact, knowledge=prevention.
    thank you for always updating us and keeping us informed

  37. Patience Seiwaa Somuah
    Feb 11, 2022

    Very educative…God bless you…Thank you for the impact🙏🙏🙏🙏

  38. Sedem Adamaley
    Feb 11, 2022

    Great work done

  39. Danquah Eric
    Feb 12, 2022

    Thanks a lot sir.
    This is a greater work with greater impact to promote greater health for all

  40. Eunice Anyigbanu
    Feb 12, 2022

    Thank you for the insight. We will do our best to adhere to the protocols so that these viral strains do not shift so fast to worsen our situation.

  41. Erica Mateko T.
    Feb 12, 2022

    Very educative and such an important information..

  42. Abigail afia afful
    Feb 12, 2022

    Thanks alot for this piece of information. Is very educative hence we will try our best to follow the protocol measures.

  43. Daniella Obeng
    Feb 13, 2022

    Thank you for sharing.Very Educative

  44. Anonymous
    Feb 13, 2022

    Great work done. Thanks for the impact

  45. Martha Forson
    Feb 13, 2022

    Great work done. Very educative

  46. Gladys Baah
    Feb 14, 2022

    Clear and Deep Thanks for Educating us on this.
    We’ll do well to adhere to the COVID protocols to prevent any drift or shift in the virus. God bless you

  47. Lilian
    Feb 14, 2022

    Well done sir

  48. Felicia
    Feb 14, 2022

    Very Educative. Thanks Sir

  49. Esther
    Feb 14, 2022

    Very educative 😍

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    Feb 14, 2022

    This is very insightful and very necessary for us especially the health students to be aware of. Thanks very much for such a nice piece

  51. Emmanuella Boatemaa
    Feb 14, 2022

    Very informative and educative. Great work👍

  52. Anonymous
    Feb 14, 2022

    I am coming to class on Tuesday

    Keep educating the nation

  53. Ebenezer Osei
    Feb 14, 2022

    I am coming to class on Tuesday

    Keep educating the nation

  54. Agameti Richard
    Feb 14, 2022

    Absolute gem

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    Feb 14, 2022

    Great piece

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    Feb 14, 2022

    Thanks sir, this information is very important in which the nation need to know more than impact to individuals

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    Feb 14, 2022

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    Feb 14, 2022

    Facts laid bare, knowledge purposefully impacted.
    God bless the team

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    Feb 14, 2022

    Thanks for this useful piece

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    Feb 14, 2022

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    Feb 14, 2022

    Good piece.
    All the best👍

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    Feb 14, 2022

    Very educative

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    Feb 15, 2022

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    Feb 15, 2022

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    Feb 17, 2022

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    Feb 23, 2022

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    Feb 23, 2022

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    Feb 23, 2022

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    Feb 23, 2022

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    Feb 23, 2022

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    I’ve really learnt a lot
    Thank you

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    Feb 23, 2022

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    Feb 23, 2022

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    Feb 23, 2022

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    Feb 23, 2022

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    Feb 23, 2022

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    Feb 23, 2022

    Thank you sir and madam I hv really learnt alot👊

  135. Yeboah Nana Queenstar
    Feb 23, 2022

    Very educative sir , good job

  136. Mavis hademey
    Feb 23, 2022

    May the lord strengthen you, good work done

  137. Rita Happy fianu
    Feb 23, 2022

    Bravo✊✊

  138. Brenyah Matilda
    Feb 23, 2022

    This great information thank you sir

  139. Eunice kwartemaah Adwetoah
    Feb 23, 2022

    Well done sir, continue to educate us , God bless you

  140. Anonymous
    Feb 23, 2022

    Thank you for your message sir ,it’s really educative

  141. Ernestina Peprah-Antwi Pomaa
    Feb 23, 2022

    Thank you for your message sir ,it’s really educative

  142. Konadu Mariam
    Feb 24, 2022

    Interesting! You’ve really explained viruses into details…I think per this explanation, I would be able to explain to others who have no idea or better understanding to viruses, especially COVID19.. thanks to you and your team.. bless up🙏

  143. Anonymous
    Feb 24, 2022

    God richly bless you for this marvellous work. Continue to educate us so we can also share with others. 🙏🙏🙏

  144. Osei Sarbeng Evelyn
    Feb 24, 2022

    You are such a wonderful person that God has chosen for as, am due with much pleasure to have you as my lecturer, may always bless you the ability to be as I mean the whole world 🙏

  145. Freeman Frederick Mawutor
    Feb 25, 2022

    This message was really helpful…I now understand the concept of Viruses in details.
    Thank you very much.

  146. Osei Bonsu Grace
    Feb 25, 2022

    Very educative. Thank you

  147. Benjamina Agyeiwaa Bosomah
    Feb 27, 2022

    Very educative .It is good to adhere to safety protocols

  148. Benjamina Agyeiwaa Bosomah
    Feb 27, 2022

    Very educative .It it’s
    good to adhere to safety protocols.

  149. Djamgba sophia
    Feb 28, 2022

    Nice one sir,very educative

  150. Ampomah Alexandra Afanso
    Mar 2, 2022

    Thanks a lot Sir. Very educative 😇

  151. Oklu Eunice
    Mar 2, 2022

    Insightful
    Thanks so much sir 🙏

  152. Okyere Sylvia
    Mar 2, 2022

    Thank you Soo much sir

  153. Anonymous
    Mar 2, 2022

    Very educative sir 👍

  154. Emmanuella Acquah
    Mar 2, 2022

    Nice👍

  155. Anonymous
    Mar 2, 2022

    Nice 😊

  156. Kungie Richard
    Mar 2, 2022

    Very beautiful.
    Thank you sir 👊

  157. Anonymous
    Mar 2, 2022

    Good work work done
    I was very very educated about everything you spoke about
    Thank you for your time😇😇😎💝🌈

  158. Lekey Phoebe Ewoenam
    Mar 2, 2022

    Very educative
    💖💖💕

  159. Abigail Esinam Hededzi
    Mar 2, 2022

    Very informative
    God bless you

  160. Abrokwa Dennis Kwame Owusu
    Mar 2, 2022

    This is really educative. It has answered every question I had…..Thanks so much!!!

  161. Asiedu Patricia
    Mar 2, 2022

    Wow, am even surprised. In thee thing are happening

  162. Ewurama Eyiah Mensah
    Mar 2, 2022

    Great work

  163. Esther Antwiwaa Gyan
    Mar 2, 2022

    Very educative .. I had a gud experience . God bless ub

  164. Priscilla Ntimah
    Mar 2, 2022

    Very well sir ,educative and inspiring.
    We now know the benefits of adhering to the protocol. Thank s again.

  165. Sharon Benson
    Mar 2, 2022

    Genetic Mutations has always been a major cause of concern to medical practitioners. It is unfortunate that harmful micro organisms like viruses possess this ability or trait to mutate. The SARS CoV2 is no exception to this trend. It is therefore great news to hear that the vaccines being made are against a “novel viral strain”. Thereby making it easier to conquer the virus.
    Medical science has done it’s best and is still trying to shield us from the effects of this virus,however we must do our part in following all Covid protocols.
    Excellent work,brilliantly written,straight to the point and yet highly informative. Great work.
    I simply cannot wait to see your next piece!

  166. Elyon Queen Benson
    Mar 2, 2022

    Perfect work sir!👏👏
    With efficient information, the right measures would be taken and adhered to, and slowly we’ll make a better world! ❣️

  167. Lilian Pinto
    Mar 2, 2022

    Very educative Sir ..God bless you

  168. Adrian uzorka
    Mar 2, 2022

    The article is very illuminating and power packed

  169. Kwafo Toah Andy
    Mar 2, 2022

    Very concise and informative. Great piece
    👍👍

  170. Tsuiana Ruth Mamle
    Mar 2, 2022

    You are such a wonderful person that God has chosen for us, very interesting and educative… I’m glad to have you as a lecture God richly bless you

  171. Anonymous
    Mar 2, 2022

    Beautiful and educative write up sir!

  172. Antwi Victoria Blessing
    Mar 2, 2022

    Beautiful and educative write up sir!

  173. AGYEMANG PRISCILLA OTIMAH
    Mar 2, 2022

    Thank you sir.
    This is a great and educative information.

  174. Helina Asantewaa Akuffo
    Mar 2, 2022

    A very comprehensive article, keep it up sir

  175. Rebecca Buadu Ampiaw
    Mar 2, 2022

    Thank you so much sir.
    It was very educative and i’ve learnt a lot.

  176. Gloria Bondzie
    Mar 3, 2022

    Very educative
    Great work done ,sir

  177. Nuworzah Agnes
    Mar 3, 2022

    This is very educative Sir..
    God richly bless you 🙏🏼

  178. Alberta Makafui Tagbor
    Mar 3, 2022

    Wao👏👏👏well done

  179. Atampugre Jonas Nsopika
    Mar 3, 2022

    This has really enlightened me existence and how dangerous COVID-19 is. May the Lord God Almighty bless and increase you in knowledge and wisdom to educate us and the world at large. Thank you sir.

  180. Perpetual Afful
    Mar 3, 2022

    Sooo Exciting, great job done

  181. Dogbatsey Regina Elikplim
    Mar 3, 2022

    God bless you so much for I have learned a lot today

  182. Dogbatsey Regina Elikplim
    Mar 3, 2022

    Interesting I learned so much

  183. Dogbatsey Regina Elikplim
    Mar 3, 2022

    Interestingly wonderful to read

  184. Quansah Okyer Diana
    Mar 3, 2022

    Interesting,
    It was very educative
    May God richly bless you and your team.
    I now know the concept of the virus

  185. Aboah Victoria Asawah
    Mar 3, 2022

    Very educative thank you sir

  186. Gifty otubea
    Mar 3, 2022

    Well done Sir

  187. Mercy Asare
    Mar 3, 2022

    Very educative

  188. Amoako Sarah
    Mar 3, 2022

    Very interesting
    God Bless you

  189. Francisca Ohene
    Mar 3, 2022

    Very educated. Thanks sir

  190. Naomi Teye
    Mar 3, 2022

    Great work done

  191. Anonymous
    Mar 3, 2022

    Good work done,very informative.by Angela nyarko

  192. Naomi Teye
    Mar 3, 2022

    Highly educative
    You r really clearing the misconceptions.

  193. Naomi Teye Agyemang
    Mar 3, 2022

    You r really clearing the misconceptions.

  194. Grace Arkowah Mensah
    Mar 4, 2022

    You’re such an amazing and educated lecturer. Keep it up sir. Your education is making an impact on us

  195. Anonymous
    Mar 5, 2022

    Great work 🙏🏻🙏🏻🙏🏻We must observe the protocols to control the mutations of the virus 🥳

  196. Hunkpor Kingsley Sedem
    Mar 5, 2022

    So informative, nice to read giving a clear understanding.. Also educating. Thanks.

  197. Francis
    Mar 7, 2022

    Great work, have learnt a lot..
    but our marks oo🙄😂

  198. Ruth Mamle Tsuiana
    Mar 7, 2022

    You are such a great person God has chosen for us, very interesting and educative…. I’m glad to have you as a teacher
    God bless you

  199. Priscilla Konadu
    Mar 8, 2022

    Very informative and educating Sir.

  200. Anonymous
    Mar 9, 2022

    Addai Sarah
    Thanks for educate us 🤚🤚

  201. Anonymous
    Mar 9, 2022

    God bless you sir I have learnt a lot 🤚🤚

  202. Obeng Caleb ( PU 210893 )
    Mar 9, 2022

    Very Educative

  203. Anner Dorcas Larko
    Mar 9, 2022

    You made this easy to understand..

  204. Agyeman Ama Queenly
    Mar 13, 2022

    Thank you sir…very informative,clears my thought as to why we are having reoccurrence of different sub virus from the the original one has been clarified ….with this knowledge one of the best ways to prevent mutations of viruses is adhering to it’s protocol not necessarily to fight them but to stops their mutations processes leading to adverse transmission

  205. Felix Eshun
    Mar 16, 2022

    If virus mutate to change their spikes and genome for them not to be recognized by phagocytes, then how can mutation results in recession of the virus

  206. Felix Eshun
    Mar 16, 2022

    What are the factors that causes or influences random replication errors in antigenic drift

  207. Felix Eshun
    Mar 16, 2022

    If mutation changes the spikes and for an enveloped virus they use their spikes for adsorption, then, can they further attach to other organs in the body apart from the original organ of attachment

  208. Felix Eshun
    Mar 16, 2022

    What is the process or what is used to make vaccines so that maybe we Ghanaian can make our own vaccines and import rather than mostly depending on other countries for vaccines

  209. Felix Eshun
    Mar 16, 2022

    It’s an impressive and educative article, thank you and also be blessed for a wonderful work.

  210. Ocansey Edwina Ama Serwaa
    Mar 20, 2022

    Thanks for the awareness sir

  211. Anonymous
    Mar 20, 2022

    Agorkle Adolphine
    Very good ✅

  212. Odonkor Abigail Padikie
    Mar 20, 2022

    Woooow, very educative article.
    Sir, you have cleared all misconceptions. May the Lord bless you with more knowledge, wisdom and understanding to continue educate your students and the whole world as well

  213. Ozor Isabella Mamle
    Mar 20, 2022

    Wow this is a very informative and educative piece.
    Thank you sir.

  214. Hon Daniel Ohene-Amo Nyameye
    Mar 21, 2022

    Honorable Daniel Ohene-Amo Nyamekye;
    Sir Reggie u do all, kudos! I like microbiology biology not because it’s easy but you make it attractive to learn. Champion Sir, bravo!

  215. Banitsi Elizabeth
    Mar 21, 2022

    Such an interesting and educative article there,sir.
    WELL DONE ! May Almighty God continue to indulge you with more wisdom,sir.

  216. Awumey Esther Ama
    Mar 21, 2022

    Very educative and impressive

    Thanks for this great enlightment of our understanding

  217. freda nyarko
    Mar 21, 2022

    God bless you Sir,your article has really enlightened us even deeper on viruses,we bless your good works and pray for more of your articles.🙏🙏🙏

  218. Mj
    Mar 22, 2022

    👏👏👏👏👏 good work

  219. Edna Asare
    Mar 22, 2022

    Great work done✊… This is awesome😍

  220. Nketiah Bernice Boatemaa
    Mar 22, 2022

    Very educative sir…Great work done.keep it up sir.. we love you

  221. Nketiah Bernice Boatemaa
    Mar 22, 2022

    Amazing! Sir…keep it up

  222. Amanor Irene Agyeiwaa
    Mar 22, 2022

    Very educative.

  223. Anom Josephine Wiafewaa
    Mar 23, 2022

    Wow, very educative sir. Thanks for sharing.
    You are highly Bless.🙏

  224. Anonymous
    Mar 23, 2022

    Waoooh, very great job, well done sir

  225. Martey Celestine Adwoa
    Apr 19, 2022

    I learnt that Antigenic drift and shift are of the same reason why people can get viral infection repeatedly,and also we must adhere to COVID-19 preventive protocols now, more than ever, this is a few I can analyse from the above info.Thank You

  226. Tetteh Ruth
    Apr 27, 2022

    Well done sir. Very educative.

  227. Ernest Ackah Erzoah
    Apr 27, 2022

    It is good.
    Keep it up

  228. Ernest Ackah Erzoah
    Apr 27, 2022

    It’s a nice article.
    Keep it up

  229. Mary Mensah
    Apr 27, 2022

    This very educative and important article which give a powerful insight
    Keep it up

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